RATING CONTROL

1 срез:

минимум – 12 баллов, максимум – 25 баллов

2 срез:
 минимум – 23 балла, максимум – 45 баллов 

Phoneme

A possible Definition:

 

A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

Discussion: 

Phonologists have differing views of the phoneme.

Following are the two major views considered here:

a)     In the American structuralist tradition, a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments.

b)     In the generative tradition, a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.

Types of transcription.

Phonetic transcription.
Diacritic Marks

~ - nasalized:

     [tẽn], [pɒ̃nd], [mæ̃n].

: -  long:

     see [si:], [bɑ:k].

˙ - half-long: seat [si˙t].

 ʳ-  rhotocised (i.e. r-coloured):

     [̍sentəʳ], [kɑʳt].

   - fronted, i.e. velar is made with the back of the tongue

moved forward close to the hard palate

when it is followed by a front vowel as in key [ki:]

  ̪  - dental position of the alveolar consonants:    

    ninth [naɪn̪̪θ], tenth  [tʰen̪θ].

Morphs and Allomorphs
"A word can be analyzed as consisting of one morpheme (sad) or two or more morphemes (unluckily; compare luck, lucky, unlucky), each morpheme usually expressing a distinct meaning.

When a morpheme is represented by a segment, that segment is a morph.

If a morpheme can be represented by more than one morph, the morphs are allomorphs of the same morpheme:

the prefixes in- (insane), il- (illegible), im- (impossible),   ir- (irregular) are allomorphs of the same negative morpheme."

Your Writing Home Assignment

 WRITE A SHORT ESSAY (350-500 WORDS) BY the 5th of March, 2020

 

1. Discuss the difference between syllables and morphemes. Illustrate your discussion with references to reading you have done in this area.

2.What  use  is  the  concept  of  ‘phoneme’  for  the  study/description  of  a  language?
3.What  is  the  phonetic  difference  between  a  consonant  and  a  vowel?  Discuss and  illustrate.
4. What is the difference between phonemes and phones?
5. What are the phonological features of English dialects on British Isles?
6. Stress and reduction in English.
7. What archaic features do English dialects reflect?

 WRITE A SHORT ESSAY (400-500 WORDS) by the 12th of March, 2020

 

1. Discuss the phonological differences between BBC English and London CockneyIllustrate your discussion with references to reading you have done in this area.

 

2. The Great Vowel Shift in English. Illustrate your discussion with references to reading you have done in this area.

Memo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyhZ8NQOZeo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOfYck3J3e0

etc.
3.What  is  the difference  between  Standard English, Scottish English and Scots? Discuss and  illustrate.
4. What are the key phonological divides between regional dialects of British English? Discuss and  illustrate.
5. What is the concept of English as a pluricentric language /or polycentric/ language?
6. Stress and reduction in English.
7. What archaic features do English dialects reflect?

 WRITE A SHORT ESSAY (400-500 WORDS) by the 19th of March, 2020

 

1. Can etymology help in any way in learning a foreign language? Illustrate your discussion with references to reading you have done in this area.

 

2. Discuss the distinction between inflection and derivation. Is this a necessary and valid distinction in the study of word structure? Why/why not? Support your answers with examples.

3.Can etymology ever help in any way in understanding a message?
4. What are the key productive models for acronyms in English? Discuss and  illustrate.
5. How many parts of speech are there in English language? Illustrate your discussion with references to reading you have done in this area. Use various sources. Discuss and  illustrate controversial issues.

More Home assignment tasks by March 19, 2020

     01. Get ready for dictation in phonetics, phonology and morphophonology.

     02. Name the phenomenon described below.

If you are saying a word that ends in /s/ or /z/ and this is following a word that begins with /S/ or /j/ the final /s/ tends to turn into /S/ whereas the final /z/ tends to turn into /Z/. This should be clearer in an example, given by Roach (2009, 111). In connected speech ‘this shoe’ might end up being pronounced [/ /ðɪʃ ʃuː / instead of [ðɪs ʃuː], whereas ‘those years’ might sound [ðoʊʒ jɪəz] instead of [ ðoʊz  jɪəz]. What is the name of the phenomenon?

A follow-up from March 19 online consulting /Part Two/

Affixes are bound morphemes that attach to the stem of a word to form either a new word or a new form of the same word.

 

There are two contrasted types of affixes

 

Derivational

 

Inflectional

 

Derivational is an adjective that refers to the formation of a new word from another word through derivational affixes.

Inflectional is an adjective that refers to the formation of a new form of the same word through inflectional affixes.

 

In English, both prefixes and suffixes are derivational.

In English, only suffixes* are inflectional.

 

Find more fun and read a List of English Affixes at

https://parentingpatch.com/english-affixes-derivational-inflectional-prefixes-suffixes/

 

The Task

Try and tell one from another if you can.

warning

kindliness

prehistoric

postindustrial

interlingual

sing – sang – sung

come – came – come

 

MORPHOTACTICS is fun!

You have two English morphs:

-er-;

-sing-;

The Task is to make a good English word of them. Your ideas?

 

 

 

 

 

Home assignment tasks by March 26, 2020

     02. Name the phenomenon described below.

If you are saying a word that ends in /s/ or /z/ and this is following a word that begins with /S/ or /j/ the final /s/ tends to turn into /S/ whereas the final /z/ tends to turn into /Z/. This should be clearer in an example, given by Roach (2009, 111). In connected speech ‘this shoe’ might end up being pronounced [/ /ðɪʃ ʃuː / instead of [ðɪs ʃuː], whereas ‘those years’ might sound [ðoʊʒ jɪəz] instead of [ ðoʊz  jɪəz]. What is the name of the phenomenon?

          03. Create a dataset of words that contain -able or -ible; e.g. comfortable, durable, changeable, edible, understandable, corruptible, convertible, discernible.  Do you think we are dealing with one morpheme here, or with more than one morpheme? How did you decide? Remember to think of pronunciation, rather than spelling.

            Derivational affixes are often explained in terms of what words they attach to (for example, verbs) and what words they produce (for example, nouns). The suffix -ment, for example, derives nouns out of verbs: achieve – achievement, appoint – appointment, entice – enticement. Choose some other derivational affix of English, collect examples containing that affix and try to determine what words it attaches to and what words it produces.

 

       04. Investigate etymology of the following English lexemes and draw conclusions. 04a. Classify the methods of derivation. 04b Make comments on semantic functions of these words in present day and in retrospect.  

      n Beefsteak

      n Beefeater

      n Sandwich

      n Realm

      n Reign

      n Regalia

      adj Royal

      n Royalty

 

      05. Discuss the distinction between inflection and derivation. Is this a necessary and valid distinction in the study of word structure? Why/why not? Support your answers with examples.

       06. The morpheme is often defined as ‘the smallest meaningful unit of language’. Is this a good definition? Support your argument with examples.

      07.a. Below is a list of English words. Analyse these words into their constituent morphemes and determine whether these morphemes are stems, prefixes or suffixes. What difficulties did you encounter in your analysis?

i. predetermine

 ii. prejudge

iii. preconceive

iv. deceive

v. receive

vi. ran.

        b. Using your analyses as a reference point, discuss more generally the notion of morpheme. 

Tips and hints

About Grammar as simple as this

The field of linguistics that deals with word structure is called morphology. The field of linguistics that deals with sentence structure is called syntax. Sometimes the two areas together are called Grammar

 

A pluricentric language or polycentric language is a language with several interacting codified standard forms, often corresponding to different countries. Examples include Chinese, English, French, German, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili and Tamil.

The opposite case is a monocentric language, which has only one formally standardized version. Examples include Japanese and Russian. 

Difference between 'Language' and 'a language': “Language” refers to a system of communication unique to human beings that makes use of written and vocal symbols.

A language”, on the other hand is a subcategory of this type of communication peculiar to a particular people, region, geographical region or socio-political background. “Language” refers to the system of human communication and is a more general term than “a language” which is a given variety spoken by a given speech community or country. The distinction is usually made by capitalizing the 'L' of the more general term.

Casper Lee

Language refers to all languages and the concept of language in general. A language refers to one language. For instance: someone might say “Don’t use bad language” (swear) or, “isn’t language interesting?” Whereas someone might say “Spanish is a language,” or “this semester I am taking a (foreign) language.”

Jen Bee

 

LANGUAGE versus a language

countable noun

·       A language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing.

uncountable noun

·       Language is the use of a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds or written symbols.

·       You can refer to the words used in connection with a particular subject as the language of that subject.

·       You can refer to someone's use of rude words or swearing as bad language when you find it offensive.

·       The language of a piece of writing or speech is the style in which it is written or spoken.

·       You can use language to refer to various means of communication involving recognizable symbols, non-verbal sounds, or actions.

Other dictionaries will list more or fewer senses but pretty much split up the same way.

Andrew Dunbar,

Opposition is a correlation of forms by means of which a certain function is expressed. The members of the O. must posses two types of features:

ü   common features (serve as the basis of contrast)

ü   and different features

Binary privative opposition based on a morphological different feature which is present in its strong marked member (worked) and is absent in its weak unmarked member (work).

Equipollent opposition a minor type in which each member bears some distinct feature (am-is)

 

Gradual opposition is formed by a contrastive group of members which are distinguished not by the presence or absence of a feature but by the degree of it. (good – better – the best)

Sociology of language and linguistic geography

The Scottish Gaelic Language

The Scottish Gaelic language is closely related to Manx and Irish and was brought to Scotland around the fourth century by the Scots from Ireland. The language was spoken throughout Scotland (apart from small areas in the extreme south-east and north-east) between the ninth and eleventh centuries, from the eleventh century onwards it began to retreat north and westwards. All Scottish Gaelic dialects are mutually intelligible, and written Irish can be understood to a large extent. Scottish Gaelic is also distantly related to Welsh (Cymraeg), Cornish (Kernewek) and Breton (Brezhoneg), which form the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, also known as P-Celtic

Ability

Wales

Scotland

Welsh

Scottish Gaelic

Scots

Number

%

Number

%

Number

%

Total

3,063,456

100.00%

5,118,223

100.00%

5,118,223

100.00%

Can speak

562,016

18.35%

57,602

1.13%

1,541,693

30.12%

Has some ability

799,481

26.10%

87,056

1.70%

1,929,444

37.70%

SOME COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG FOR PARTS OF THE BODY

In this list of example Cockney slang for parts of the body, you’ll notice that some expressions omit the rhyming word but others do not. There is no hard and fast rule for when the rhyming word should be omitted. It’s just tradition.

English

Rhymes with

Cockney

Feet

Plates of meat

Plates

Teeth

Hampstead Heath

Hampsteads

Legs

Scotch eggs

Scotches

Eyes

Mince pies

Minces

Arms

Chalk Farms

Chalk Farms

Hair

Barnet Fair

Barnet

Head

Loaf of bread

Loaf

Face

Boat race

Boat race

Mouth

North and south

North and south

A few review exercises

Test yourself AAB Sociolinguistics.pdf
Adobe Acrobat Document 254.3 KB
AAB Semiotics and Nonverbal Semiotics02-
Adobe Acrobat Document 637.8 KB
Typology of consonants 109.pdf
Adobe Acrobat Document 949.3 KB

Your Basic Reading Sources

Презентация20-02-20

Varieties of English+

For your home assignment February 200

The Task:
Watch the video and answer Questions.
Here is the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA9--WJSPws

 

acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves 

auditory phonetics (or perceptual phonetics): the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called “perceptual phonetics” 

articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, or articulated. 

Phonetics …

 

Phonology …

Is the basis for phonological analysis.

Is the basis for further work in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design.

Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.

Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by

  • determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and
  • explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.

 

Phonologists are interested in the structure of the syllable, since there appear to be interesting observations to be made about which phonemes may occur at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of syllables.

 

The study of sequences of phonemes is called phonotactics, and it seems that the phonotactic possibilities of a language are determined by syllabic structure; this means that any sequence of sounds that a native speaker produces can be broken down into syllables without any segments being left over.

For example, in ‘Their strengths triumphed frequently’, we find the rather daunting sequences of consonant phonemes ŋθstr and mftfr, but using what we know of English phonotactics we can split these clusters into one part that belongs to the end of one syllable and another part that belongs to the beginning of another. Thus the first one can only be divided ŋθ | str or ŋθs 􏰜 tr and the second can only be mft 􏰜 fr.

 

Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the peak and the end part the coda; the combination of peak and coda is called the rhyme 

 

 

Learning activity

Are there restrictions on the distribution of consonants in syllable codas? You will find Chapter 8 in Roach (2009) useful here.

One important question is how to divide words into syllables; in particular, when there is one consonant or more at the border of two syllables within a word, how does one decide which syllable the consonant should go to? Read about this in Roach (2009) (see Section 8.3 in particular). Try to write down in your own words the principles behind the segmentation of words into syllables.

Try to identify the onset, nucleus (peak) and coda in the following words: drum, dream, screech.

You should be able to:

- discuss the central notions of phonology, for example phoneme, allophone, syllable;

- demonstrate understanding of phonotactics and be able to discuss some of the phonotactic constraints of English;

demonstrate understanding of the principles governing the division of English words into syllables.

 

Sample examination questions

1. Discuss the distinction between phonetics and phonology. In what way do these areas of study contribute to our understanding of how languages work?

2. Discuss, giving appropriate English examples, the notion of allophone. Why is this notion important to a grammatical description of a language?

 

 

Phoneme

Definition

A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

Discussion: 

Phonologists have differing views of the phoneme. Following are the two major views considered here:

In the American structuralist tradition, a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments.

 

In the generative tradition, a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.

Phone

 

Definition: 

 

It is the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol.

A phone is …

A phoneme is …

One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world.

A contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language.

The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.

A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words.

Pronounced in a defined way.

Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.

Represented between brackets by convention.

Example:

[b], [j], [o]

Represented between slashes by convention.

Example:

/b/, /j/, /o/

Getting started with English report

Further Reading

Linguistic Maps and Diagrams

Varia

Reviews

Morphology

Your essay extra reading materials

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lmvxn4VQD9qv14m04wyTb6gRMBXOpP_h/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1M10vi2KEEt4xtP3BueYtbov8wl_gdEaA/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lmvxn4VQD9qv14m04wyTb6gRMBXOpP_h/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t45ZmWuXszMQbwIMRaJlfP0_nURRfe5_/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oXBCkLcKcHIz1Ar40hUVIV2eWTS_d3eN/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T7Yq1qPmPTDLx_Gjtl8PmdelZyDMUgXc/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LSh5Ulw235se3I0aasZz_M2dSOM2sTdI/view?usp=sharing

 

https://drive.google.com/file/d/11vHxaRAogmYifFdsQxVlAAICP5JezF4n/view?usp=sharing

EXTRAS

Linguistic Research Methods

Communication

Methodology of scientific research

Methodology and pedagogy

Get ready for testing!

Check yourself!!!

FOLLOW YOUR COURSE

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